Saam, Daam, Dand Bhed

Saptanga Theory -By Kautilya

Chanakya is often called as Indian Machiavelli. He has been identified as Kautilya or Vishnugupta in ancient treatise.He has written ancient Indian Political Treatise, the Arthshastra. His teachings have stood the test of time and are even more relevant today.

The Saptanga Theory theory states that a state has seven elements or constituents:
  1. Swamin- The King
  2. Amatya- The Minister
  3. Janapada- The Land and the People
  4. Durga- The Fortress
  5. Kosha- The Treasury
  6. Danda- The Army
  7. Mitra- The Allies     
The Theory states that there are four ways to make someone to do a task, ie Saam, Daam, Dand and Bhed. This mantra by Acharya Kautilya is used worldwide and after passing through the test of times it still works in today's world.

Saam: To advice and to ask
Daam: To offer and buy
Dand: To punish
Bhed: To exploit the secrets.

The Arthashastra explores issues of social welfare, holding the society together by collective ethics, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature or war, he should initiate public projects such as creating public waterways and build forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text was influential on other Hindu texts that followed, such as the sections on king, governance and legal procedures included in Manusmriti.










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